Most hydraulic systems can operate using many different fluids, including multigrade engine oil, automatic transmission fluid and more conventional antiwear (AW) hydraulic oil. Which oil or fluid you choose depends on your equipment and how you plan to use it.
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While it is not possible to make one definitive recommendation that covers all types of hydraulic equipment in all applications, there are a few key questions to ask yourself when selecting a hydraulic fluid.
Picking the right viscosity grade (sometimes referred to simply as the "hydraulic fluid grade") is the single most important factor when selecting a hydraulic oil or fluid. It doesn&#;t matter how good the other properties of the oil are if the viscosity grade is not matched to the operating temperature range of the hydraulic system where it will be used.
If you choose a viscosity grade incorrectly, your hydraulic components will degrade faster than they should.
To choose the right fluid viscosity grade for your particular system, you will need to consider:
starting viscosity at minimum ambient temperature
maximum expected operating temperature, which is influenced by maximum ambient temperature
permissible and optimum viscosity range for the system&#;s components
Typical minimum permissible and optimum viscosity values for different types of hydraulic components are shown below.
Table 1. Typical Minimum Viscosity Values for Hydraulic ComponentsIf the hydraulic system is required to operate in freezing temperatures in winter and tropical conditions in summer, then it will likely need multigrade oil to maintain viscosity within permissible limits across a wide operating temperature range.
If fluid viscosity can be maintained in the optimum range, typically 25 to 36 centistokes, the overall efficiency of the hydraulic system is maximized (less input power is given up to heat). This means that under certain conditions, the use of a multigrade can reduce the power consumption of the hydraulic system.
For mobile hydraulic equipment users, this translates to reduced fuel consumption.
There are some concerns when using multigrade fluids in hydraulic systems. The viscosity index (VI) improvers used to make multigrade oils can have a negative effect on the air separation properties of the oil.1
This is not ideal, particularly in mobile hydraulic systems which have a small reservoir with poor deaeration characteristics. The high shear rates and turbulent flow conditions often present in hydraulic systems destroy the molecular bonds of the VI improvers over time, resulting in loss of viscosity.
When selecting a high VI or multigrade fluid, it is recommended that the hydraulic component manufacturers&#; minimum permissible viscosity values (Table 1) be increased by 30 percent to compensate for VI improver sheardown. This adjustment reduces the maximum permissible operating temperature that would otherwise be allowable with the selected oil, thereby providing a margin of safety for viscosity loss through VI improver shearing.
If the hydraulic system has a narrow operating temperature range and it is possible to maintain optimum fluid viscosity using a monograde oil, it is recommended not to use a multigrade for the reasons stated above.
Use these factors, along with other viscosity considerations, to make the best choice for your needs.
DIN ; HLP-D fluids are a class of antiwear hydraulic fluids that contain detergents and dispersants; the use of these fluids is approved by most major hydraulic component manufacturers. Detergent oils have the ability to emulsify water and disperse and suspend other contaminants such as varnish and sludge.
This keeps components free from deposits, but it also means that contaminants do not settle out &#; they must be filtered out. These can be desirable properties in mobile hydraulic systems, which, unlike industrial systems, have little opportunity for the settling and precipitation of contaminants at the reservoir, due to its small volume.
The main concern with these fluids is that they have excellent water emulsifying ability, which means that if present, water is not separated out of the fluid. Water accelerates the aging of the oil, reduces lubricity and filterability, reduces seal life and leads to corrosion and cavitation.
Emulsified water can be turned into steam at highly loaded parts of the system. Avoid these problems by maintaining water content below the oil&#;s saturation point at operating temperature.
The purpose of antiwear additives is to maintain lubrication under boundary conditions. The most common antiwear additive used in engine and hydraulic oil is zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP).
The presence of ZDDP is not always seen as a positive because it can chemically break down and attack some metals and reduce filterability. Stabilized ZDDP chemistry has largely overcome these shortcomings, making it an essential additive to the fluid used in any high-pressure, high-performance hydraulic system, such as those fitted with piston pumps and motors.
A ZDDP concentration of at least 900 parts per million can be beneficial in mobile applications.
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If you have considered all of the above questions, it is a good idea to review the OEM's (original equipment manufacturer's) specifications.
There may be a warranty-related reason to follow the equipment manufacturer&#;s recommendations. However, in some applications, especially those with extremes of temperature or other unusual operating conditions, using something different than what the manufacturer recommends may increase hydraulic system performance and reliability.
If you do not have the proper training to make such a decision, it's a good idea to talk with a technical specialist, preferably one that is vendor-neutral, because this will truly give you the best recommendation for your needs.
Read more on hydraulic best practices:
How Do You Know if You're Using the Right Hydraulic Oil?
The Seven Most Common Hydraulic Equipment Mistakes
Hydraulic Filter Location Pros and Cons
How to Combat Leaking Hydraulic Connections
Reference
1. Mannesmann Rexroth. &#;Mineral Oil-based Pressure Fluids for Vane Pumps, Radial Piston Pumps and Gear Pumps as Well as GM, GMRP, MCS, MCR, MR and MKM/MRM Motors.&#; (RE 07 075/07.98), p.2. .
As a leading hydraulic cylinder repair service provider, our team at Cylinders, Inc. knows that the lifeblood of any hydraulic system is its hydraulic oil. This crucial component not only lubricates but also transfers power, protects against wear, and even aids in cooling the system. The optimal hydraulic oil can make the difference between a system that runs smoothly and one that faces frequent breakdowns, complicating the repair process. Given its significance, how do you ensure you're making the right choice? Dive into this comprehensive guide, and if you're ever in doubt, our experts are just a call away.
The market is flooded with various hydraulic oils, each tailored for specific applications and environments. To optimize the hydraulic system filtration, make sure to pick the perfect hydraulic fluid for your application.
Mineral-based hydraulic oils are the backbone of the hydraulic industry. Originating from the refining process of crude oil, they've been the go-to choice for many hydraulic systems for decades. Their widespread popularity stems from their balanced performance metrics and cost-effectiveness. Mineral oils are versatile and can be used in many applications, from heavy machinery to industrial hydraulic equipment. They offer good lubrication properties, resistance to oxidation, and a decent temperature range. However, it's important to monitor them for signs of degradation, as contaminants can affect their performance over time.
Synthetic oils come from meticulous engineering in state-of-the-art labs. Designed to cater to extreme conditions, these oils are perfect for environments that experience very high or very low temperatures. While synthetic oils have a higher price tag, their performance benefits often justify the investment. They offer superior viscosity stability, extended service life, and reduced wear and tear on hydraulic components. Plus, they can be tailored to specific applications to ensure that the hydraulic system gets the best possible lubrication and protection.
In environments where safety is key, especially concerning fire hazards, water-based hydraulic fluids rise to the occasion. These oils have a significant amount of water to provide them with excellent fire-resistant properties. While they're safer in high-risk environments, they come with unique challenges. Water-based oils may not offer the same lubrication level as mineral or synthetic hydraulic oils which requires more frequent maintenance and checks. They may also be susceptible to microbial growth, so it's crucial to ensure that the system remains contamination-free.
As the world becomes more environmentally conscious, biodegradable hydraulic oils have carved a niche for themselves. These oils break down naturally when exposed to the environment, reducing the risk of long-term environmental damage in case of spillages. They're especially ideal in applications near water bodies or sensitive ecosystems. Biodegradable oils are formulated from natural sources like vegetable oils or synthetic esters. While they offer excellent performance and environmental benefits, they can be more expensive than traditional oils. Regular checks are also key to ensure they maintain their properties over time.
Selecting the wrong hydraulic oil can have many repercussions on a hydraulic system that often lead to inefficiencies, increased maintenance costs, and even catastrophic failures. Consider that hydraulic oil is more than just a fluid; it's the lifeblood of the system, ensuring smooth operations, reducing wear, and acting as a conduit for power transfer.
When the wrong oil is chosen, the first casualty is often the system's efficiency. Incorrect fluid viscosity grade can impact the fluid flow, making the system work harder to achieve the same results. This increases energy consumption and can lead to overheating, which further degrades the oil and can damage sensitive components.
Moreover, the protective layer that the oil provides between moving parts can be compromised if the oil's viscosity isn't optimal. This could result in increased wear and tear which reduces the lifespan of critical components like piston pumps, internal gear pumps, valves, cylinders, and seals. Over time, this can result in frequent breakdowns, leading to increased downtime and higher replacement costs.
Another often overlooked consequence of using the wrong hydraulic oil is its impact on seals and gaskets. Different oils have varying chemical compositions, and not all seals are compatible with all types of oils. An incompatible oil can cause seals to swell, shrink, or even degrade, leading to leaks and system contamination.
Speaking of hydraulic contamination, the wrong oil can also introduce impurities into the system. These contaminants can cause blockages, reduce the efficiency of filters, and even lead to component failures. Furthermore, certain oils, especially those with incompatible additives, may result in foaming that reduces the oil's ability to lubricate and can introduce air into the system, leading to erratic operations.
Lastly, there's the environmental impact to consider. Using the wrong oil, especially one that's not environmentally friendly in an application where it's required, can lead to environmental damage in case of leaks or spills. This harms the environment and can lead to hefty fines and a tarnished reputation.
Changing the hydraulic oil in a system is more than just a simple drain-and-fill operation. It's a critical maintenance task that, when done correctly, can extend the life of your hydraulic system and ensure its optimal performance.
Here's a comprehensive guide to help you navigate this process:
In the intricate world of hydraulic systems, the right hydraulic oil can be the difference between seamless operations and frequent downtimes. By understanding your system's needs and the properties of various oils, you can make the best choice for optimal functionality and safety. And when in doubt, or if you face any hydraulic cylinder issues, remember that Cylinders, Inc. is your trusted partner for all things hydraulic cylinders. Contact our hydraulic cylinder repair company for unparalleled expertise and top-notch hydraulic cylinder servicing!
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